Spillover effects of distribution grid tariffs in the internal electricity market: An argument for harmonization?

In many countries, distribution grid tariffs are being reformed to adapt to the new realities of an electricity system with distributed energy resources. In Europe, legislative proposals have been made to harmonize these reforms across country borders. Many stakeholders have argued that distribution tariffs are a local affair, while the European institutions argued that there can be spillovers to other countries, which could justify a more harmonized approach. In this paper, we quantify these spillovers in a simplified numerical example to give insight and an order of magnitude. We look at different scenarios, and find that the spillovers can be both negative and positive. To be able to quantify these effects, we developed a long-run market equilibrium model that captures the wholesale market effects of distribution grid tariffs. The problem is formulated as a non-cooperative game involving consumers, generating companies and distribution system operators in a stylized electricity market.     

An innovative technology of directional propagation of hydraulic fracture guided by radial holes in fossil hydrogen energy development

Conventional hydraulic fracturing fails to develop low permeability reservoirs of fossil hydrogen energy that are not located in the direction of maximum principal in-situ stress. A new technology of fracture propagation guided by radial holes is proposed, which can realize directional propagation of hydraulic fracture along radial holes in fossil hydrogen energy development. In order to verify this new technology, a model of radial holes combined with hydraulic fracturing is established by the ABAQUS extended finite element method. Simulation results show that radial holes play a guiding role in fractures propagation. The influence extent of seven factors on the directional propagation of hydraulic fracture is listed as follows (from strong to weak): azimuth of radial holes > horizontal in-situ stress difference of fossil hydrogen reservoir > injection rate of fracturing fluid > Young's modulus of rock > permeability of fossil hydrogen reservoir > Poisson ratio of rock > viscosity of fracturing fluid. True tri-axial experiment is carried out to verify the accuracy of numerical simulation, and the result is consistent with numerical model, which indicates that numerical simulation is reliable.     

Determination of Acoustical Parameters of Aqueous Solution of Kolliphors Binary Mixtures Using Density,Speed of Sound,Viscosity, and Surface Tension Measurements

Measurements of density, speed of sound, and surface tension as well as viscosity of aqueous Kolliphor® ELP (ELP) and Kolliphor® RH 40 (RH40) solutions as well as binary mixtures at different surfactant mole fractions were made at 293 K to investigate their aggregation behavior. The free volume, internal pressure, and molar cohesive energy were calculated and compared to the specific acoustic impedance and intermolecular free length to obtain qualitative information about the character of interactions between the surfactant molecules in the mixture through the water phase.     

Excellent Energy Storage and Charge-discharge Performances in PbHfO3 Antiferroelectric Ceramics

Single phase PbHfO₃ antiferroelectric ceramics were prepared via rolling process. It is revealed that the rolling process can reduce the grain size and increase the bulk density, which lead to the enhanced breakdown strength up to 268 kV/cm versus 219 kV/cm of samples using the conventional solid-state method. As a result, high recoverable energy density of 7.6 J/cm³ with an efficiency of 80.8 % was achieved. Meanwhile, a large current density of 1381 A/cm² and an ultrahigh peak power density up to 170 MW/cm³ were observed under 250 kV/cm. In addition, unique electrical polarization response characteristics at different electric fields and temperature-induced structural phase transitions were also investigated. The energy storage performance and charge-discharge properties of PbHfO₃ were first studied in this communication and all the results indicate that PbHfO₃ ceramic is a promising candidate for pulse power applications.     

Application of adhesively bonded single lap joints for fracture assessment of adhesive materials

In this study, a method has been proposed to obtain the failure envelope of brittle adhesives using the experimental failure loads of precracked single lap joints (SLJs). The proposed technique is based on the principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), on J-integral relations, and on results of a numerical analysis. Compared to the previous approaches, the introduced experimental method has some advantages such as low manufacturing costs and simpler test procedure. The proposed method can also provide a wide range of mode mix ratios without the need of an additional apparatus. The fracture envelope obtained from the proposed method was then verified by performing some fracture tests including double cantilever beam (DCB), end-notched flexure (ENF), and single leg bending (SLB) specimens. Good correlation was seen between the fracture envelopes of the proposed method and the ones obtained from the fracture mechanics experiments.     

Curing kinetics and mechanical properties of fast curing epoxy resins with isophorone diamine and N-(3-aminopropyl)-imidazole

Fast curing epoxy resins were prepared by the reactions of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with isophorone diamine (IPD) and N-(3-aminopropyl)-imidazole (API), and their curing kinetics and mechanical properties influenced by IPD content were also investigated. The analysis of curing kinetics was based on the nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data with the typical Kissinger, Ozawa, and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa models, respectively. The glass-transition temperature was also measured by the same technique. Additionally, the mechanical properties including flexural, impact, and tensile performances were tested, and the curing time was estimated by isothermal DSC. The degree of cure (α) dependency of activation energy (E_a ) revealed the complexity of curing reaction. Detailed analysis of the curing kinetics at the molecular level indicated that the dependence of E_a on the α was a combined effect of addition reaction, autocatalytic reaction, viscosity, and steric hindrance. From the nonisothermal curves, the curing reaction mechanism could be proposed according to the increasingly obvious low temperature peaks generated by the addition reaction of epoxy group with the primary amines in API and IPD molecules. Using the preferred resin formulation, the resin system could be cured within 10 min at 120 °C with a relatively good mechanical performance. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47950.     

最优化算法与纯元素谱剥离相结合的能量色散X射线荧光谱解谱方法

在进行能量色散X射线荧光光谱(EDXRF)解谱时,如果给定样品的元素构成,采用纯元素谱图剥离的方式会更加合理,但由于每个元素的谱线都不止一条,如果仅仅针对主线对齐做剥离,会导致结果的严重失真,同时剥离次序对解谱结果有较大影响。介绍了一种最优化算法与纯元素谱剥离相结合的EDXRF解谱方法,该方法以多个纯元素谱的强度大小和峰位漂移道数作为变量构建残差方程,并用最优化计算的方法去调整,直至残差达到极小。实验采用强度顺序剥离、能量顺序剥离和最优化算法拟合3种方法分别对谱线重叠较为严重的La-Ce-Pr-Nd混合液样品的L系谱线进行了解析,结果表明最优化计算方法拟合的谱图与原始谱的残差 (1415.0)比另两种方法(166094.0和3192.7)大幅度缩小,拟合谱与原始谱更为吻合,并且方法在实现时对初值不敏感,解谱精度也不依赖于剥离次序。     

含煤盆地深层“超饱和”煤层气形成条件

中国深层煤层气资源丰富，但总体勘探和认识程度较低，尚未形成较为系统的深层煤层气地质理论。通过解剖分析准噶尔盆地白家海凸起和鄂尔多斯盆地临兴区块深层"超饱和"煤层气井的试气/生产动态，估算原地游离气的含气量，分析了深层"超饱和"煤层气的形成条件。研究表明：①深层"超饱和"煤层气储层中除吸附气外，还含有原地游离气，用常规试气方法可直接获得气流，煤层气的产出不明显依赖于排水降压；②埋藏超过一定深度，在煤阶和温度的综合作用下，煤的吸附能力将随埋深的继续增加而降低，煤层中吸附气的饱和度有增加的趋势，在达到吸附饱和后，出现原地游离气并形成"超饱和"煤层气，盆地深层具有"超饱和"煤层气形成的优势条件；③由于地温梯度和压力梯度的不同，不同盆地"超饱和"煤层气出现的临界深度不同，异常高压和异常高热流可以降低深层"超饱和"煤层气形成的临界深度；④深层"超饱和"煤层气开发具有大大缩短见气时间、充分利用地层能量和累积产水量低等优势，有望成为未来煤层气勘探开发的一个重要领域。     

上海市火力发电行业能源计量现状分析

能源计量与节能监测、能源审计、能源统计、能源利用状况分析是用能单位能源管理和节能工作的基础。通过对本市部分火力发电企业的现场调研，针对性地提出改进建议，以期帮助用能单位增强能源计量在节能减排工作中的有效性。